Transmitter molecules, also known as neurotransmitters, are chemical messengers that are released by neurons to transmit signals across synapses. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the presynaptic terminal and are released in response to an action potential. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
There are many different types of neurotransmitters, each with its own specific functions in the brain. Some examples of neurotransmitters include:
- Acetylcholine: Involved in learning, memory, and muscle movement.
- Dopamine: Involved in reward, motivation, and movement.
- Serotonin: Involved in mood, appetite, and sleep.
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates neural activity.
- Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in learning and memory.
- Norepinephrine: Involved in arousal and stress response.
- Endorphins: Involved in pain relief and pleasure.
The balance of neurotransmitters in the brain is essential for proper brain function. Dysregulation of neurotransmitters has been implicated in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease.
