Non-neuronal cells, also known as glial cells, are a type of cell in the nervous system that provides support and maintenance to neurons. While neurons are the primary functional units of the nervous system, non-neuronal cells play essential roles in supporting neuronal function and maintaining the microenvironment of the nervous system.

There are several types of non-neuronal cells in the nervous system, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells. Each of these cell types has specific functions and properties.

Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that provide structural support to neurons and regulate the extracellular environment of the brain. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin, a fatty substance that insulates axons and helps to speed up neuronal signaling. Microglia are immune cells that help to protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens. Ependymal cells are involved in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which helps to cushion the brain and spinal cord.

Non-neuronal cells are essential for proper brain function and are involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system. Dysfunction or abnormalities in non-neuronal cells have been implicated in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression. As such, non-neuronal cells are an important area of research in neuroscience and medicine.