Neural synapses, also known as synapses or neuronal synapses, are specialized structures that allow neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. A synapse typically consists of a presynaptic neuron, a postsynaptic neuron, and a small gap between the two called the synaptic cleft.

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate or GABA, from small membrane-bound organelles called synaptic vesicles. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to changes in the electrical activity of the postsynaptic neuron.

The strength and efficacy of synaptic transmission can be modulated by a variety of factors, including the properties of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, the number and type of receptors present, and the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. These factors allow neural circuits to adapt and respond to changes in sensory input, learning and memory, and other complex behaviors.

Overall, neural synapses are critical for the proper functioning of the nervous system, and understanding the mechanisms that underlie synaptic transmission is essential for understanding the neural basis of behavior and developing treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders.